20. Mid-1700s - early 1900s
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Editing this page now
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleone di Buonaparte Napoléon Bonaparte 1769
– 1821 Né Napoleone di Buonaparte le
15 août 1769 à Ajaccio en Corse. Mort le 5 mai 1821 sur l'île de Sainte-Hélène.
La Corse - Corsica
Carlo Maria di Buonaparte (Ajaccio, 1748 -
Montpellier, 1785), avocet et diplomate, fils de Giuseppe Maria Buonaparte (Ajaccio, 1713 - Ajaccio, 1763) et Maria Saveria
Paravicini (Ajaccio, 1715 - avant 1750). Maria
Letizia Ramolino (Ajaccio 1750 - Rome 1836), fille de Giovanni Geronimo Ramolino (1723 – 1755) et Angela Maria Pietrasanta
(c. 1725 – 1790). The Buonapartes were minor
nobility from Tuscany. In the late 1400s, a Buonaparte from Liguria settled in Ajaccio. Carlo Buonaparte was Paoli's secretary and personal assistant and fought
with Paoli and other Corsicans against the French occupation of Corsica after its sale to France by Genoa in 1768. With the French defeat of the Corsicans in the Battle of Ponto-Novo in
1769, Paoli and many Corsicans, like the Buonapartes, took to the hills, formed the maquis and hid in villages about
the island. Eventually, Paoli and many other
Corsicans went into exile. Paoli chose exile in England. Carlo Buonaparte preferred to cooperate with the French
and held various government positions on the island. The family befriended the French governor of Corsica, Charles Louis
de Marbeuf. In 1778, Carlo was appointed Corsica's representative to the Court of King Louis XVI of France at Versailles.
Carlo died in illness in Montpellier in 1785. Alain
Decaux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiwoSyjNDAI ----------------------- Carlo
Buonaparte enrolled his two oldest sons, Giuseppe (Joseph) and Napoleone at the College d'Autun (southwest
of Dijon) in January 1779. Napoleone
left Autun four months later, in late April, for the école militaire in Brienne. Joseph remained in Autun. L’école militaire de Brienne Napoleone was a student in the école militaire in
Brienne in Champagne-Ardenne for five years, from the age of nine to fifteen - from 1779 to 1784.
His younger brother Lucien was a student there later. -------------------- Napoleone
went from Brienne to the École Militaire in Paris in 1784 and graduated in the following year, 1785. He was
the first Corsican to graduate from the school. Napoleone
wanted to pursue a career in the navy. In 1785, he applied for a position on the scientific expedition of Admiral
François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse. Napoleone
was commissioned a second-lieutenant in the artillery and posted
to the Régiment d'artillerie de la Fère in Valence. Napoleone's
father, Carlo, died in 1785, and Napoleone took five extended leaves from the army, including one leave of two years, to
help care for his mother and the family in Corsica from 1786 to 1793. The
Régiment d'artillerie de la Fère transferred from Valence to Auxonne. When the French Revolution erupted in 1789 Napoleone returned
to Corsica in September on a two-year leave from the army. Paoli, who opposed Louis XVI, welcomed the French Revolution.
He agreed with its principles. After an exile of twenty years, since 1769, the national assembly lifted Paoli's
exile and he returned to France in 1790. He met the Jacobins and the national assembly in Paris. He returned to Corsica.
He was elected president of the Council of Corsica. Paoli supported the French Republic. Among his own
supporters were Corsican nationalists who wanted independence from France and others who preferred a revolutionary France.
The French army, which was still Royalist, remained on Corsica. Napoleone returned to Auxonne in February 1791. In June 1791, Napoleone was promoted to first-lieutenant and transferred
to the Fourth Artillery Regiment, formerly the Grenoble Regiment, in Valence. He returned to Corsica in 1792. Napoleone and his brothers Joseph and Lucien were Republican and
Jacobin. To remain in Corsica,
Napoleone got himself posted to the Ajaccio Regiment of the Corsican Volunteers as an adjutant-major. A new law required Napoleone, as a regular officer, to return to
Valence. To remain in Corsica, he managed to obtain an appointment to the Corsican
National Guard, a battalion of Corsican volunteers, in Ajaccio, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. A confrontation between a few Guardsmen and several locals in Ajaccio led
to a brawl. A Guardsman was killed and Napoleone led the Guard on a rampage through the city. He laid siege to Ajaccio. Several
people were killed. Property was destroyed. Napoleone tried unsuccessfully to get the army in Ajaccio to join him. He
confronted the commander of the garrison. Napoleone
was blamed for the incident and sent to Paris to answer charges. But in Paris he was promoted to the rank of captain, posted
again to the Fourth Artillery Regiment in Auxonne, given leave to accompany his sister Élisa home,
and returned to Corsica in October 1792. In
February 1793, Napoleone was part of a failed French Navy attempt, with Corsican crews, to take northern Sardinia. Paoli grew increasingly concerned about the spreading disregard for common
rights under the Convention and the Reign of Terror. He
sought Corsica's separation from France. In 1793,
the Bonaparte brothers intrigued against him. The Convention ordered Paoli's arrest. Paoli
managed to have the order dropped. Paoli banned the Bonapartes from Corsica. The Casa Buonaparte was pillaged by supporters of Paoli. The entire Buonaparte
family fled Corsica for Toulon in June 1793. In
Corsica, Paoli sought British assistance and the Council of Corsica offered the island to King George III
of England, who accepted it. The Buonapartes lived in Marseilles before settling in Antibes. Napoleone Buonaparte returned to duty in the army. The
events in the life of Napoleon Bonaparte Chart/Timeline, from birth to death Chart/Timeline, from 1795 to 1815 The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars Every Week Animated map History: 1.
- Representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General, elected by themselves by district (the three estates
- clergy, nobility and commoners), 2. - formed
the National Assembly from 17 June 1789 to 9 July 1789; joined by the First and Second Estates 3. - formed the National Constituent Assembly from 9 July 1789 - 30 September 1791 Flag of France designed by the Marquis de Lafayette and Jacques-Louis
David, adopted on 24 October 1790. Absolute
monarchy abolished and replaced by a provisional constitutional monarchy, 3 September 1791 - 21 September 1792. The
king holds the power of veto. 4. - formed the unicameral Legislative Assembly, by censitary
suffrage, from 1 October 1791 to 20 September 1792. The French Revolutionary and
Napoleonic Wars 1792 - 1815 France (and allies) The French Revolutionary Wars 1792 - 1802/3/4
Fought by the Kingdom of France and the French Republic The
French Republic (20 April 1792 - 18 May 1804)
Monarchy abolished altogether and the French Republic is proclaimed, 21 September 1792
5. - The National Convention, a one-house 745-member legislature elected by electoral colleges elected by primary assemblies
elected by universal male suffrage, September 1792 - September 1795
The Committee of Public Safety, the executive Flag of France, variant adopted
on 15 February 1794 6.
- A two-house legislature - a popularly-elected Council of Five Hundred and an indirectly elected
Council of Ancients (Elders) - replaced the Convention, 1795
The Directory, a five-man executive or government, replaced the Committee of Public Safety, 17
September 1795 - November 1799 7.
- The Consulate, a three-man consulate with a large appointed advisory legislative assembly replaced the Directory and
the two Councils.
First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, ruled by decree, 1799 - 1804 The Napoleonic Wars, 1796 or
1803 - 1815 Fought by the French Republic
and the French Empire The French Republic to 18 May 1804
8. - The French Empire, from 18 May 1804 - 6 April 1815; March - July 1815
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French Vs. Britain Flag of Britain, 1707 - 1801 Flag of Great Britain since 1801 with or without or against Prussia, Russia and
Austria/Holy Roman Empire (to 1806) (and allies) The French Revolutionary Wars (1792 - 1802) -
War of the First Coalition (April 1792
– October 1797) French
victory - War of the Second Coalition (1798 – 1802)
French victory The Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815) - War of the Third Coalition (1803 – 1806) French victory - War of the Fourth
Coalition (October 1806 – July 1807) French victory - War of the Fifth Coalition (April – October 1809) French victory -
War of the Sixth Coalition (March 1813 – May 1814) Coalition Victory -
War of the Seventh Coalition (March – July 1815) Coalition Victory La France face aux coalitions Carte
animée Animated map of the seven coalition wars https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8zcRzsORX4 Sack of the Bastille, 14 July 1789
Declaration of Pillnitz (warning to French
revolutionaries) by Austria and Prussia, August 1791 French
National Assembly declares war on Austria (Holy Roman Empire), April 1792 War of the First Coalition (April
1792 – October 1797) France against
Austria, Prussia, Britain, Netherlands French victory French
invade Austrian Netherlands 1792 An
army of Austrians and Prussians invades France, July 1792 Battle of Valmy - French stop the invasion -
20 September 1792 Prussian
retreat
The Flanders Campaign
French invade Germany and Austrian Netherlands
Battle of Jemappes - French victory over Austrians - 6 November 1792
French take Austrian Netherlands Louis XVI sent to the guillotine, January 1793 France declares war on Britain, Netherlands and Spain Battle of Neerwinden - Austrians and Dutch defeat French - 17 March 1793
French retreat from Austrian Netherlands Marie Antoinette sent to the guillotine, October 1793 Battle of Fleurus - French victory over Austrians, Dutch, Hanover and Britain - 26 June 1794 The Coalition against France is forced out of the Austrian Netherlands French take Austrian Netherlands and invade Dutch Republic End of the Dutch Republic 1795
The Spanish Campaign Battle of the Black Mountain - French
victory over Spanish and Portuguese - 17-20 November 1794 French
invade Catalonia Treaty of Idelfonso - Spain allies with France
- 19 August 1796 British fleet leaves Mediterranean
The West Indies Campaign 1794 British take Martinique,
Guadeloupe and Santa Lucia from French French retake Martinique
The
Peace of Basel 1795 Treaties with Prussia, Spain and Hesse Prussia agrees to peace; the Rhine is the border between France and Prussia Spain agrees to peace; gives most of the island of Hispaniola to France Hesse agrees to peace
The Italian Campaign Bonaparte drives Austrians out of northern
Italy - 1796-1797 Battle of Rivoli, 14 January 1797 Bonaparte marches on Vienna
Treaty of Campo-Formio - Austria turns over the Austrian Netherlands and the left bank (west bank) of the Rhine to France.
Gives up claims to Genoa and Milan.
Venice to be shared by France and Austria. Sardinia-Piedmont
gives up Nice and Savoy to France. France takes Venetian possessions in Greece (Corfu et al.) French troops pillage northern Italy. Lafayette released in 1797 - after five years of Austrian captivity.
----------- French invasion of Switzerland, January - May 1798 Switzerland
a client state of the French Republic
----------- War of the Second Coalition (1798 – 1802) France against Austria, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Portugal, United States French
victory
The French campaign in Egypt and Syria, 1798 – 1801 Against
the Ottoman Empire and Britain Failure
British destroy the French Mediterranean fleet in Abu Khir; the
Ottomans and the British force the French to evacuate the Near East without most of their loot
The Italian Campaign Battle of Marengo, 14 June
1800 - Italians forced to evacuate from northwestern Italy
Battle of Hohenlindin, 3 December 1800 - Italians defeated and forced to come to terms Treaty of Lunéville, 9 February 1801 - Austria gives up the Netherlands, the Rhine and northern
Italy to the French. ----------- The Quasi
War France
and the U. S. in Undeclared Naval War 7 July 1798 – 30 September 1800 Atlantic
and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas ----------- Treaty of Amiens, 25 March
1802
Peace with Britain Britain
recognises French Republic
Britain to withdraw from Egypt France
to withdraw from Papal States and Naples ----------- The Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815) War of
the Third Coalition (1803 – 1806)
French Victory The
Ulm Campaign, 25 September - 20 October
Battles of Ulm, 16 - 19 October 1805 - French victory over Austria Battle of Austerlitz, 2 December 1805 - French victory over Austrian and Russian armies Fourth Treaty of Pressburg, 26/27
December 1805 Confederation of the Rhine, 12 July 1806 (1806
- 1813) - sixteen German states (36 by 1808) Holy
Roman Emperor, Francis II (Francis I of Austria), abdicates, 6 August 1806 End of the Holy Roman Empire, 6 August 1806 ----------- War of the Fourth Coalition (October 1806 – July 1807) French Victory France, Spain, Confederation of the Rhine Vs. Prussia, Russia, Britain, Saxony, Sweden and Sicily Battles of Jena and Auerstadt - French
defeat Prussians Battle of Eylau Battle of Friedland - French defeat Russians Treaties
of Tilsit, 7 July 1806 - French and Russians ally; Treaty
of Tilsit, 9 July 1806 - Prussia loses half of its land; Prussia forced to ally with France Creation of the Duchy of Warsaw ----------- Penisular War 1807/8 - 1814 France and Spain invade
Portugal 1808 Britain and Portugal drive
French out of Portugal Britain, Spain
and Portugal drive French out of Spain 1814 ----------- War of the Fifth Coalition (April – October 1809) France, Confederation of the Rhine (Bavaria, Saxony, Württemberg, Westphalia), Italy, Polish Legions, Naples, Swiss Confederation
and Holland Vs. Austria, Hungary, Tyrol, Britain, Spain, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Sardinia
and Brunswick
French Victory Battle of Wagram, 5 - 6 July 1809
French defeat Austrians Treaty (or Peace)
of Schönbrunn (or Treaty of Vienna) -
Austria loses one-third of its territory
----------- French invasion of Russia (1812) France and many allied armies invade Russia 1812 French capture Moscow French withdraw ----------- War of the Sixth Coalition (March 1813 – May 1814) France,
Italy, Naples and Warsaw Vs. Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Spain, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Sicily and
Sardinia
Coalition Victory Battle of Dresden - French victory Battle
of Ulm - Battle
of Leipzig Coalition stop the French Coalition forces invade France
Exile of Napoleon to Elba Congress of Vienna - Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain, France, Italy, Spain . . . ----------- War of the Seventh Coalition (March
– July 1815) France and Naples Vs. Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Hanover, Nassau, Brunswick,
Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Denmark and the French Kingdom Coalition Victory
Napoleon leaves Elba, returns to Paris Battle of Waterloo - French defeat Coalition forces occupy France for three years
Exile of Napoleon to Saint Helena ----------- Napoléon
Animated maps Partie 1 - La naissance d'un Empereur (1768 - 1804) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JVLqpYmA_Y Part
1 - Birth of an Emperor (1768 - 1804) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eY4gmndO3g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTrMvHh1FAI Part
2 - The Conquest of Europe (1805 - 1812) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq-0qkVTR04 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz4rTTN1RtY Part 3 - The Decline
(1812 - 1821) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfDkffkrQ6s
----------- Napoleon A short biography (All You Need to Know About Napoleon) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHnwqtJT9U&feature=fvwrel Napoleon Episode from the documentary series The Greatest Heroes in History (3 clips) 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RtvNQBz_bjI 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U0A3LLraOk 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqKRUSOJwbk ----------- Napoleon 4-part documentary
Empires All four episodes in one En français - In French https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc0TC-dbX90 In English 1.
To Destiny https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrbiSUgZEbg or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5n6cJzw_-nY 2. Mastering Luck https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go_qBXcgYII 3. Summit of Greatness (Upload repeats at end) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RjVWBrCkxo 4. The End https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB6ScgVpj3I Napoléon
Bonaparte In
9 clips 1. La Révolution Française https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQyqpiTp72o 2. La Campagne d'Italie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISbCSx4aR9k 3. La Campagne d'Égypte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91xPEiPkcMY&feature=relmfu 4. Consul de la République https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSOwSS9aaDM&feature=relmfu 5. Empereur des Français https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GT_26RBfeqk&feature=relmfu 6. Guerres Napoléoniennes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiT9ybiZVoc 7. La Bataille d'Austerlitz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFV7HyhVaQg 8. La Campagne de Russie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yvw6Hwm1wj4 9. La Bataille de Waterloo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXITuiQKqVM Comment devient-on Napoléon? Secrets
d'histoire Documentaire avec Stephan Bern (2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeHTlU8efMA Quand Napoléon déchaînait l'Europe Toute l'Histoire
Documentaire (2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fw-w31KMt0Q ----------- Napoléon
Discours par Henri Guillemin Le Dossiers de L'histoire
(1968) (7:11:58) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzS5AINuH4s 3.
Le militaire abusif https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jOOMDaGw-8 4.
Les sphinx https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gBFpvE2tS8 5. 6. Le Caïd respectueux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VDd703AO2c 7. L'annexion de l'église https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ch0XvOVB3Zw ou https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVE6GTG3Ip8 8. Le prénom suffira https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_Sj8gnjb8c 9.
Le repos du monde https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fX7ez5yj7xc 10.
Le grande parade https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG7LWm4J_c 11. Sans titre https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKLieF5-FVI 12.
La chanson de geste ou https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BbelvDxE9M 13.
La débacle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dj-YPXAespo 14. Le récidiviste https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVYYbdL9ng4 15. Bilan
Pour
Les Nuls
L'
Histoire de Napoléon Bonaparte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNb8BeBpxCk -------------------- Siège de Toulon en 1793. Par
Jean-Antoine-Siméon Fort. Toulon, 30 November 1793. The Siege of Toulon is considered Napoleone's first major military engagement. However,
he was involved in numerous previous attacks, battles and sieges. Napoleone was a Republican. He
was a captain in the French Republican army. He was also a Jacobin. Many
in the provinces, called the Federalists, remained Royalist or backed the Royalists and opposed the Republicans and Jacobins.
They disliked the centralisation imposed
by the Convention in Paris. They were alarmed by the growing number of purges. When the dominant political faction, called
the Girondists, who were trying to curb the excesses of the revolution, were overthrown by the more revolutionary faction,
the Montagnards, in May and June 1793, the Federalists and Royalists rose up in revolt against the Convention and the
Republic. In July in
Toulon, home port of the French Mediterranean fleet, Royalists toppled the Republic. Revolutionaries arrested Jacobins. Royalists
chased out the Revolutionaries. In August, the Convention dispatched an army to restore Republican government
in Toulon. The Royalists in Toulon sought the support of the British fleet (Royal Navy) that blockaded the French Navy in
Toulon. On 1 October, the Royalists turned over the port to the British. British and
allied troops from Spain, Sardinia, Piedmont and Naples occupied Toulon. The British
and Spanish fleets dominated the Mediterranean. Lyon and other cities rebelled
against the Convention. The commander of the artillery of the Republican army sent to relieve
Toulon was wounded in an engagement on the way to Toulon. Napoleone
Buonaparte was transporting gun powder from Marseilles to the base of the French Army of Italy in Nice through Toulon. Augustin
Robespierre, the younger brother of Maximillian Robespierre, and the Corsican deputy to the Convention, Antoine Christophe
Saliceti, persuaded
the injured artillery commander to turn over command to Captain Buonaparte. Buonaparte was promoted to the rank of colonel and chief of battalion. Bonaparte au siège de Toulon, 1793 par
Édouard Detaille By 17 December, the Republican Army captured the port. Buonaparte
was wounded in the thigh by a British bayonet during a charge. The British evacuated the
port. They burned and captured many French ships in the harbour and rescued many French Royalists and others fleeing the Republican
army. Buonaparte was promoted to brigadier-general and commander of the
artillery of the French Army of Italy on 22 December. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRUx61plsz4 Napoleone broke
the engagement on 6 September. He had become interested in another woman, Joséphine de Beauharnais. Désirée Clary
married French Général Bernadotte in 1798. Twenty years later, in 1818, Bernadotte and Désirée were the King
and Queen of Sweden and Norway. Bernadotte is the founder of the reigning dynasty of Sweden.
Excerpt from 2002 TV series Napoléon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lF19jOy838 https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x9g2m9 On 26 October, the Convention was dissolved and on 2 November it was replaced
by a bicameral legislature with a lower house, whose deputies were elected, and an upper house, drawn by lot from the deputies,
and a five-man executive, called the Directory, appointed by the upper house. Napoleon and Joséphine dancing.
The Italian Peninsula in
1796 Bonaparte
drives Austrians out of northern Italy 1796 - 1797 Napoleon Bonaparte leading
his troops over the bridge of Arcole. By Horace Vernet in 1825. Battle of Rivoli, 14 January 1797 Bonaparte marches on Vienna Establishes the Cisalpine Republic Milan 29 June 1797 Austria
turns over the Austrian Netherlands and the left bank (west bank) of the Rhine to France. Austria
gives
up claims to Genoa and Milan. Venice to be shared by France and Austria. Sardinia-Piedmont
gives up Nice and Savoy to France. France
takes Venetian possessions in Greece (Corfu et al.) French troops pillage northern Italy. The Marquis de Lafayette was released in 1797 -
after five years of Austrian captivity as a prisoner of war. Lafayette was escorted by the Austrians to the American consulate
in Hamburg in late 1797. Occupy Ancona
and Loreto Pope Pius VI By Pompeo Battoni in 1775 Born 1717, died 1799; Pope from 1775 to 1799 General
Louis-Alexandre Berthier (in above portrait) led an army into Rome in February 1798 and proclaimed the Roman Republic (under
France). Berthier demanded Pope
Pius renounce temporal authority. Pope
Pius refused. The pope was made a prisoner, taken to Valence and died there on 29 August 1799. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMJFAB5W9TM Mutiny at Spithead & the Nore 1797 Maritime Great Britain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6gZ8BkCNsI 21 September 1787 Maritime Great Britain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahzXTJycovw Billy Budd 1962 movie with Peter Ustinov (2 hours) The American novelist, Herman Melville (1818 - 1891), author of Moby
Dick (1851), wrote a story about life on British navy and merchant ships in the year 1797, when Britain was at
war with the French Republic and the year that British sailors, upset with conditions on board their ships, mutinied.
Melville did not complete the story before his death. He did not give it a title. The unfinished manuscript was found in his
home many years later (1919). His widow and two editors prepared the draft for publication (1924). The movie is based on a 1951 stage play. ------------------- The Quasi War France and the U. S. in Undeclared Naval War The Jay Treaty and trade with Britain, the U. S. refusal to pay its debts to the new French regime, and the
U. S. declaration of neutrality in the Anglo-French war. 7 July 1798 - 30 September 1800 Atlantic
and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas Combat entre la frégate américaine USS Constellation et le navire
francais L'insurgente le 9 février 1799. --------------------- Napoleon in Egypt
and Syria 1798 - 1801 Napoleon Bonaparte planned to (1)
take Egypt from the Ottoman Turks and then (2)
ally with Tipu Sultan in India to obstruct Britain's trade with India or cut into the British India trade. Malta
- Napoleon captures the island, 6 - 12 June 1798 Alexandria -
Napoleon captures the port city, 1 - 3 July 1798 Battle
of Shubra Khit - Napoleon drives off Ottoman (Mameluk) army and flotilla, 13 July 1798 Battle of the Pyramids (Embabeh) - Napoleon defeats Ottoman (Mameluk) army, 21 July 1798; Napoleon takes
Cairo and Giza Battle of Abukir Bay (Battle of the Nile) - British Navy destroys the French
Navy, 1 - 3 August 1798; blockades Alexandria Siege of Acre - French siege of Acre Battle of Abukir - Napoleon defeats Ottoman
Turks, 25 July 1799 Convention of El Arish - French agree with Ottomans to leave and return Egypt to the Ottomans, 24 January
1800; the British do not recognise the treaty British take Malta from French, 3 September 1800 Battle of Abukir - French troops defeated
by British, 8 March 1801
Siege of Alexandria - French
surrender to British, 30 August - 2 September 1801, and leave Egypt aboard British ships Vue générale de la bataille
des Pyramides, le 21 juillet 1798 Par Louis-François, Baron Lejeune en 1808. Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, by Jean-Léon Gérôme, c. 1868 Documentary about the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798 - 1801) With Robert Brier (50:21) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGQ13pNZR_4 Documentaire 1er Partie Des Savants et des Canons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwqXcjEXkXA 2em partie Ingénieurs et Pharaons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5k0ePU49q0 L'expedition
d'Egypte ou le rêve d'orient Documentaire (40:57) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOa32Ghb0u8 Nelson Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758 - 1805) Battle
of the Nile ' Battle of Abukir Bay 1 August 1798 Naval
battle - British destroy French fleet 1798 - Nelson and the Battle of the Nile https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iqv6Qr1awDs 1798 - The Battle of the Nile https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECJswY4L_xc&feature=relmfu Ottomans arrive by sea in British ships
Since 1795, the French Republic was governed by a five-man
Directory, the executive, and the legislative branch, called the Assembly (a national assembly). There were two legislative councils -
the lower house, the Council of the Five Hundred (with 500 members), and the upper house, the Council of the Ancients
(elders) (with 250 members). The Council of the 500 proposed laws. The Council of the Ancients could
not draft laws but passed or rejected the laws proposed by the Council of 500. A list of possible members of the Directory was proposed by the Council
of 500 and five were selected by the Council of Ancients. The two Councils were not elected directly by the voters, the populace. Each canton of the Republic elected
an electoral assembly, which elected the department's electoral assembly, which elected the members of both Councils. The judiciary was directly elected. Elections in March and April 1799 gave Jacobins
a miajority in both councils. The Directory was dominated by Jacobins. Through several maneuvers,
the Jacobins were removed from the Directory and the Abbe Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès emerged the dominant member in June. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Par Jacques-Louis David en 1817 The
Jacobins feared a Royalist resurgence. Napoleon left Egypt and returned
to France on 9 October. He received a hero's welcome. He returned
to Paris. Sieyès wanted an end to the Jacobins. He wanted a new
form of government. Sieyès plotted
with others to overthrow and abolish the Directory. Sieyès thought the young and popular national hero Napoleon might help his cause. Sieyès plotted with
Napoleon to overthrow the Directory. A new constitution would be drafted by a commission to be
appointed by the two Councils. Sieyès and Napoleon plotted
with Lucien Bonaparte, who was president of the Council of 500; Louis-Nicolas
Lemercier, the president of the Ancients; General Joachim Murat; Talleyrand; Joseph Fouché, Minister of Police; General Jean Victor Moreau and others. On 9 November (18 Brumaire), Lucien and Lemercier warned their Councils
of a Jacobin plot to stage a coup and asked the members to leave Paris and reconvene in Saint Cloud. The Council of the Ancients agreed and appointed Napoleon to command troops defending the Councils. As planned, Sieyès and Ducos resigned from the Directory. Talleyrand persuaded Barras to resign also. The
resignations left the Directory without a majority and unable to reach a quorum on any matter. On
the following day, 10 November, the two remaining directors, Gohier and Moulin, were arrested and kept under
guard by General Moreau. The two Councils convened in Saint Cloud. Napoleon addressed each Council. He declared the Directory was finished.
The Councils objected to the military coup. He was assaulted in the Council of the 500. Lucien called in the army. Murat
entered with grenadiers and chased the Council members out. Some members of both houses were brought back. The Council of the Ancients decreed the
Councils adjourned for three months.
Par François Bouchot en 1840 Two commissions, each with twenty-five deputies drawn from the two Councils,
declared a provisional government - a three-man Consulate with Napoleon, Sieyès, and Ducos
- and drafted a short constitution for a Senate appointed by Napoleon. The Council of the Ancients appointed Napoleon, Sieyès,
and Ducos provisional consuls, with Napoleon First Consul, and formed an advisory body, the Corps législatif.
The few members of the Council of the 500 present approved. Napoleon was First Consul and ruled by decree. Jacobins
were arrested or exiled. ---------------------- ---------------------- Caroline Bonaparte (1782
- 1839) married Joachim Murat on 20 January 1800.
Napoleon crossing the Alps St. Bernard Pass in May 1800 painted by Jacques-Louis David (1805) 'Bonaparte franchissant le Grand-Saint-Bernard'
de Jacques-Louis David https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO2vln3JHIc Bonaparte franchissant le col
du Grand Saint-Bernard Autour d'une oeuvre
Napoleon Crossing
the Alps in May 1800. Painted by
Delaroche (1848)
The Louisiana Purchase
1803 - France claims Louisiana in 1682. -
France sells Louisiana to Spain in 1762. -
Spain returns Louisiana
to France in 1802. -
Napoleon Bonaparte sells Louisiana to the United States in 1803. Napoleon discusses sale of Louisiana with Talleyrand
Brief description:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WIMJOhOGKQ
Brief documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mvt2TIZo-Bk&feature=related 1803 LA VENTE DE LA LOUISIANE AUX ÉTATS UNIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHlINVE05HU
Napoleonic
Code
Napoleonic
Code, 1804
-------------
Bonaparte
& la Révolution (1789 - 1804) Révolution
Française Jean
Tulard (historien) 01.01.2003 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ia_ljPKU-48 ---------------------- Emperor and Empire ' ' 1804 ' The Senate
- the Conservative Senate, or Sénat conservateur - granted Napoleon Bonaparte
the title of Emperor of the French on 18 May 1804. ' A
national referendum approved. ' Maréchal d'Empire On 18 May 1804, the Senate also created fourteen Marshals
of the Empire: Louis-Alexandre Berthier (1753 - 1815) (1767 - 1815) (1754 - 1842) (1762 - 1833) (1758
- 1817 Charles Pierre François Augereau
(1757 - 1816) (1763
- 1844) (1763 - 1815) (1769 - 1851) (1769 - 1809) (1768 - 1835) (1769 - 1815) (1770 - 1823) (1768
- 1813) and four honourary
marshals: (1735 - 1820) François Joseph Lefebvre (1755 - 1820) (1754 - 1818) Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier (1742 - 1819) ' The coronation was
set for 2 December 1804. ' Napoleon and Josephine
were married in a civil ceremony in 1796. At the Pope's insistence, on 1 December
1804 - the day before the coronation - Napoleon and Joséphine married in a religious ceremony. Napoleon's uncle, Cardinal
Fesch, presided over the ceremony. ' Napoleon was
crowned Emperor of the French in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris on the morning of 2 December 1804. 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMPHcXGg0GA 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvqK4hHry_c Marche Du Sacre de Napoléon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iW000ThDr8 Pope Pius VII presided
over the coronation ceremony. ' 'Coronet vos
. . .' Napoleon and Joséphine were
crowned (anointed) together. Napoleon received the crown of Charlemagne (a replica) from Pope Pius. Napoleon crowned himself,
placing the crown on his head. Then Napoleon approached Josephine, who was kneeling before him, took her crown, placed it on
his head, and then returned it to her, crowning her
with it. Napoleon about to crown Josephine. 'Vivat imperator in aeternum!'
Napoléon in emperor's robe Painted
by François Gérard in 1805 Napoléon
on the Imperial Throne By Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres in 1806 Joséphine, Empress Consort By Franƈois Gérard
c. 1807 - 1808 The
Louvre in Paris
The Battle of Trafalgar
21 October 1805 Admiral
Horatio Nelson hoists the flag before the battle to signal: 'England expects that every man will do his duty.' ' The line
. Battle
of Trafalgar The British navy defeated the French navy in a sea battle off the Spanish
coast at Cape Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. . Nelson is shot on
the quarterdeck of his flagship, the HMS Victory - The Fall of Nelson - by
Denis Dighton c. 1825, Nelson was shot by sharpshooter with a musket on a French ship. . Nelson is felled at Trafalgar Nelson's Column,
buillt in 1843 to commemorate Admiral Nelson, in London's Trafalgar Square,
named to commemorate the British naval victory
over the French off Cape Trafalgar of
the Spanish coast in 1805. Source: Picasa Wooden Walls 1805 The Battle of Trafalgar and Death
of Nelson https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLn8r9kptCM Death of Admiral Nelson Excerpt from 1941 movie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63jW_MhIMEM Trafalgar French documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrAzM7coEQQ Nelson Documentary
(3 clips) 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUI4BQpEMjQ&feature=related 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xN0Z4-VaUa0&feature=relmfu 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnfCmZLNRn0&feature=relmfu Horatio Nelson
4
parts
1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZRN9QaZmYs&feature=related 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtOtCbfLXWs&feature=relmfu 3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXoRqSUANR4&feature=relmfu 4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGHMFsBarK8&feature=relmfu The
Battle of Trafalgar 1805 Episode
9 of the documentary series Line of Fire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntzfC0Jy2V0 The Battle of Trafalgar Episode from the documentary series
Bloody Britain https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6wx1WVMCIk HMS Victory
Episode about Nelson's
flagship from the documentary series Battle Stations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2JqDFaH6vo Nelson's
Column, Trafalgar Square, London https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auagvQBQa8I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rK9jCc3-iT4&feature=related or, the same: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBjmYnvZD-c J. M. W. Turner ' The
Fighting Temeraire Lecture You Choose, The National Gallery, London https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8O-fna8HrWw The Fighting Temeraire Discussion on the weekly Thursday BBC radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg With guests
Susan Foister, David Blayney Brown and James Davey 11 November
2016 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b081r260 '
--------------
The
Battle of Austerlitz 2 December 1805 Napoleon and the Grande Armée defeat the Austrian army
of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II and the
Russian army of Czar Alexander. Treaty
of Pressburg, 27 December 1805. Battle
of Austerlitz (1805) 1993 BBC documentary with Brian Blessed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JsVNBj0snS8 Austerlitz French
movie (1960) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb0Sy7Clstw Austerlitz
1805 Napoleon's
Masterpiece Epic History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhQe2cjr5XQ Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Built from 1806 to 1808 to commemorate the military
victories of Napoleon in 1805. The Arch of Triumph of the Carrousel and the Tuileries.
The Arch of Triumph in Paris, commissioned in 1806 and
completed in 1836. The column in the Place de la Vendome
in Paris, commissioned
in 1805, completed 1810, razed 1871, rebuilt. ------------ Louis Bonaparte Hortense de
Beauharnais Louis Bonaparte married Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Napoleon's wife, Josephine de
Beauharnais, in 1802. Louis and Hortense had
three children, all sons, born from 1802 to 1808. Their
first son, born in 1802, died at age four, in 1897. Their
second son, Napoleon Louis, was born in 1804 and died at age 26 in 1831. The French Republic made
the Dutch Republic a client state in 1795. The Dutch Republic was overthrown by the Dutch, with the help of the French,
and renamed the Batavian Republic, a democratic republic. In 1801, the Batavian Republic was overthrown and the Batavian Commonwealth
established. In June 1806, Napoleon compelled the
Dutch to accept his brother Louis as King of Holland. His wife, Hortense,
was the Queen Consort of Holland. Hortense returned to Paris in 1807, after the death of her first son, with her second son. Queen Hortense with her second
son, Napoleon Louis, by Francois Gerard in 1807. In 1808, Louis and Hortense had their third and last child, a son, Charles-Louis
Napoléon, born, in Paris - the future Napoleon III. Hortense
returned briefly to Holland in 1810. She separated permanently from Louis. She went back to Paris. She
took a lover and had a son by him in 1811. Hortense in Aix in Savoy by Antoine Duclaux in 1813. La Reine
Hortense Pour
le meilleur et pour l'Empire Secrets d'Histoire Documentaire avec
Stéphane Bern https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOb_hzw6msY ----------------
The Confederation of the Rhine Rheinbund Paris, 16 and 19 June 1806 Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine Paris, 12 July
1806 16 German states Napoleon, protector - Carl Theodor von Dalhlberg, president -
Cardinal Fesch, coadjutor Federal Diet - sovereign states (client states of France) Secession of the
16 from the Holy Roman Empire 1 August 1806 Ultimatum by Napoleon to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor Abdication of the Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, and
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 6
August 1806 ---------------- Napoleon en 1806 par Édouard Detaille (1848
- 1912) ------------------ Les
batailles de Jena et Auerstedt (Auerstadt) 14 octobre 1806 Marshal Joachim Murat
leads a cavalry charge at Jena. Le Trophée par Jean-Baptiste-Édouard
Detaille en 1898 A French dragoon with a captured Prussian flag at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. Napoleon defeated the Prussian armies and conquered
the Kingdom of Prussia. The Fall of Berlin Entrée de Napoléon à Berlin le 27 octobre 1806. Par Charles Meynier en 1810. Theatrum Belli
(1:25:14) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASBJ6MEHuUA Napoleon Smashes Prussia Jena
1806 Epic
History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odPUHTJO8to Le blocus continental Le
blocus continental napoléonien (1806-1814) Thierry Lentz https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezwYL-pbsWA ---------------------- 7 and 8 February
1807 Murat
leads cavalry charge at Eylau La bataille de Friedland 14 June 1807 The
Napoleonic Wars Friedland 1807 Epic History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTy2Ghbt3Vs ------------- Maréchal d'Empire In July 1807, Napoleon, Emperor of the French, created the
19th Marshal of the Empire Claude Victor-Perrin 1764 - 1841 ----------------- The
Treaties of Tilsit Tilsit, East Prussia Franco-Russian Treaty
7 July 1807
Franco-Prussian Treaty
9 July 1807 Luise de Prusse Une reine
contre Napoléon Documentaire (51:57) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGNUM3tGWz4 Au cœur de l'histoire Franck
Ferrand (2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJOFCtOlcHE Conquest
(Maria Walewska) 1937 movie with Great Garbo as Marie Walewska and Charles Boyer as Napoleon Preview https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-d54O7oQG4 Movie https://ok.ru/video/337732438691 and, also https://www.cda.pl/video/208416031
Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas Spanish
possessions after the Peace of Paris (1783) Portuguese possessions in Latin America El imperio hispano-portugués a comienzos del XVII A short
description over a map https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4DbeGSwpmc Spanish and Portuguese possessions in 1790. Independencia de
las colonias americanas
A short description
over a map
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=db36E0UMHgU&feature=relmfu
Colonists in Spanish and Portuguese
possessions in America rebel against Spain and Portugal and declare independence ------------ Simon Bolivar ' Liberator of ' Ecuador (1809), Colombia (1810),
Venezuela (1811) and
Bolivia (1825) Simon
Bolivar (1783 - 1830) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTWuE_Lsr1s or, the same: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-mTsXMpsHY ------------ Latin Americaa since 1790 Map of Latin America today ' El poblamiento de América https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Es0RAo5kyng&feature=relmfu ' Areas culturales de América https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF2-28FH3dE&feature=relmfu ' La trata de negros https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjUWDIqQOxI&feature=relmfu Mexico
The Vice-Royalty
of New Spain in 1810. '
La Independencia de México 1810
- 1821
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuZMEek1pJg&feature=related Joachim Murat, King of Naples (1 August 1808 - 1815). Portrait by François Gérard 1811 - 1812. Queen Caroline of Naples with her children.
Portrait
by François Gérard 1809 - 1810. ------------ Aspern-Essling A set-back 21 - 22 May 1809 Epic History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qMYCpyy1LU Le maréchal Jean Lannes,
blessé à la bataille d'Essling, le 22 mai 1809. Amputé de la jambe gauche, il meurt une semaine après. Napoléon Ier est ici
à son chevet. Par
Paul-Émile Boutigny en 1894. Maréchal Jean Lannes (1769 - 1809) La
bataille de Wagram 5 - 6 juillet 1809 La bataille de Wagram 1809 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y44f3cfxRxE Wagram 1809 Epic History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sm9CJCcJrEc The Napoleonic Wars Parts
1 - 6 Epic
History From the Coronation
(1804) to Wagram (1809) (1:35:00) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91OmO2YMiDM ------------ Maréchal d'Empire In July 1809, after the Battle of Wagram,
Napoleon, Emperor of the French, created the 20th, 21st and 22nd Marshals of the Empire Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre Macdonald 1765 - 1840 Auguste
Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont 1774 - 1852 Nicolas Charles Oudinot 1767 - 1847 Napoleon receiving a delegation
from the Roman Senate. 16 November 1809 By Innocent Louis Goubaud (1780-1847) Napoleon had children by his mistresses. But none of the children could inherit the throne. Napoleon did not have children by Joséphine. He did not
have a male heir. For a time, Napoleon's nephew, Joséphine's
grandson, the first child of her daughter Hortense and Napoleon's brother Louis, was considered Napoleon's likely heir. But
the child died at age four in 1807. It was necessary for
Napoleon to remarry, to a younger woman - one who could produce a male heir. Thus, Napoleon had to divorce Joséphine. Joséphine agreed.
Le divorce de l'Impératrice
Joséphine le 15 décembre 1809 par Henri Frédéric Schopin en 1843. The divorce was on 10/14/15 December 1809. Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine was annulled because it did
not produce a child. --------------- Marie Louise Hand-coloured engraving by Johann Hieronymus Löschenkohl of the Marriage
of Napoleon and Marie Louise by Proxy in Vienna on 11 March 1810. The couple met in Compiegne on 27 March 1810. The
civil wedding was four days later, in the Palais de Saint-Cloud, on 1 April. Mariage de Napoleon et de Marie-Louise le 2 Avril 1810 par Georges Rouget en 1811.
The religious wedding ceremony was in the Salon Carré of the Louvre Museum in Paris,
conducted by Cardinal Joseph Fesch, on 2 April 1810. Napoleon I Marie Louise and the
King or Rome by Alexandre Menjaud in 1812 La
legend de Marie-Louise Charles Eloi-Vial et Christophe Dickès https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ii5IsEY-wCM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Azo281wwqZY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hKEMLVdlFo La famille royale de Suède à Pau -------- Maréchal d'Empire In
1811, Napoleon, Emperor of the French, created the 23rd Marshal of the Empire Louis-Gabriel Suchet
--------
War of 1812
British attack U. S.
Great
Britain invades the U. S.
The War of
1812
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyMFtn1mIs0&feature=related (Removed from You Tube)
THE
WAR OF 1812
The Forgotten War of 1812
Documentary (2:32:21)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wwycgjYLaI
The War of 1812
Canadian View https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L68Mq6t1j6I
Who
Really Won the War of 1812?
Canadian TV interviews
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FAyE6Mqf8Q War
of 1812 in the Old Northwest https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izBobl1t1fo
One Fiery Night The Burning of Washington by the British August 24, 1814
CBS Sunday Morning (2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1Jhpesv1JQ The Burning of Washington Excerpt from a documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxmYkyqdoNI Excerpt from a documentary
1812 War - The Battle at Baltimore https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnRQ8-MMX28
The Star Spangled Banner The American National Anthem West Point Glee Club sings the National Anthem on Veteran's Day, November 11, 2009 (ESPN) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1MSd7dgyb0
Story Behind National Anthem 1814 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bC18F9mOhsY
The Accurate Story Behind the Star Spangled Banner 1814 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hZe8CPGA1E
Francis Scott Key and the Defense of Fort McHenry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05-sVK1SKno
The Battle of New Orleans 1814 Episode from the documentary series Frontier - The Decisive Battles
(3 clips) 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DiYobppMJY 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRTab32m5IM 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0gqzllyfsg
First Invasion - War of 1812
Battle of New Orleans 3-part documentary Part 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bisYuJQNhtk Part 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3yt6m7pjgg Part 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70SwSmrJIvQ Tecumseh Tecumseh (1768 – 1813), Shawnee Indian; leader of the Shawnee tribe and a big tribal confederacy; fought American settlement westward beyond the Ohio River which forced the Indians to move north and west; allied with Britain against the U. S. in the War of 1812; killed in battle in 1813.
Tecumseh's Vision
Episode 2
of 5 of the 2009 PBS documentary series We Shall Remain on American Experience
(1:19:54)
Napoleon in Imperial Guard uniform in his office in the Tuilleries painted by David in 1812 Napoleon's
Empire in 1812 Napoleon
in Russia Campagne de Russie The Patriotic War The Grande
Armée was made up of French, Dutch, Poles, Italians, Prussians, Germans, Austrians, Danes, Norwegians, Swiss,
Spanish, Portuguese and Egyptians. The
force opposing Napoleon was not a Coalition but a Russian army made up almost entirely of Russians. The Swedes were allied and
assisted in transporting by sea. Map of the march of the Grande Armée on Moscow in 1812.
24 June - The Grande Armée crosses the Nieman
River, from the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) into Russia 28 June - Napoleon enters Vilnius (Vilna) Napoleon
splits his forces, with Marshal Davout moving to his right (south). Napoleon pursues Barclay de Tolly and Davout pursues
Bagration 16 - 18 August - Battle of Smolensk, a Russian defeat 7 September - Battle of Borodino, the
progress of the Grande Armée towards Moscow is checked (slowed); the Russians, battered, retreat to Moscow.
14 September - Russian
army leaves Moscow, going to the south; the city is evacuated
14 September - Marshal Murat enters Moscow, takes Kremlin 14/15 - 17/18 September - The Fire of Moscow Napoleon waits for Czar Alexander to come to terms. 18 October - Murat, lading light cavalry in search of the Russian army, is attacked
and forced to retreat at the Battle of Tarutino. Murat lost 4,500 of 26,000 men. 18 - 19 October - Hearing of Murat's defeat, Napoleon orders the Grande Armée
to depart from Moscow; Napoleon departs on 19 October. Le terrible campaign de Russie Documentaire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzY7YKcRfKo 1812 Documentary N. A. Napoleon Invades Russia Epic History General Barclay de Tolly, Commander-in-Chief of armies General Bagration General Kutuzov, Commander-in-Chief after Smolensk General Kutuzov with commanders
at Borodino. Napoleon and his commanders surveying the battle at Borodino. By Vasily Vereshchagin in 1897 Battle of Borodino September 1812 About the battle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvP9Xbr2ZhE The Battle of Borodino Episode from the documentary series Line of Fire
(49 min.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myyg0qA-Xc0 or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw3RZvI7hHc or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1EAu1lh3yk or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXe95F5r8bA Borodino Epic History https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGAPEckPXzs Borodino 1812 Documentary dubbed in Italian https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZtnB7kcxbI&feature=related
Battle of Borodino 26/08/1812 Бородино и его герои https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9HbbqRd5KE&feature=related Russians abandon Moscow Kutuzov at the conference of Filii (12 - 13 September 1812)decides
to surrender Moscow to Napoleon By Aleksey Kivshenko: in 1880. General Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov
(1745 - 1813), commander-in-chief of the Russian army, seated on the far left, in conference with his generals in
the home of a peasant, A.S. Frolov, in Fili, west of Moscow
on 12 - 13 September 1812. After
the Battle of Borodino, Kutuzov decided to abandon Moscow. Prince Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly sits in a
corner on the right, under an icon of the Virgin and Child. General Fyodor Petrovich Uvarov, cavalry commander, holding a sheet of paper,
sits before Barclay. Lieuteant-General Nikolay Raevsky, infantry commander, sits before the window with his hands together.
Lieutenant-General
Alexey Petrovich Yermolov, standing at the table, on the far right, opposes Kutuzov's plan to abandon Moscow. The Fire of Moscow, 15 - 18 September 1812,
after Napoleon has taken the city by A. Smirnovin 1813. ------------------ 1812
Overture (with
cannons) Pyotr
Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1880)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=VbxgYlcNxE8&NR=1 ------------- War and Peace Novel by
Leo Tolstoy War and Peace TED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dn7TEjnbPY War and Peace 1968
Soviet film Part 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4EcRSoOG_w Part 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D30HmBRQH1s Part 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo7ORTwjqaU Part 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXpkeV32LAQ Or all four clips one after the other https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4EcRSoOG_w&list=PLAC766DFF7B41C2F3 Borodino Part 13 of the 1972 BBC-TV presentation of Tolstoy's War & Peace https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xL_6zTBtYg Moscow!
Part
15 of the 1972 BBC-TV presentation of Tolstoy's War & Peace https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpxj58qWmUM ------------- Napoleon
waited five weeks for Alexander to come to terms. Alexander did not. Napoleon withdrew from Moscow with his army on 18 and 19 October 1812. The long march back to Paris Map of Napoleon's
advance to and retreat from Moscow. Napoleon's retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen (1828 - 1876) Napoleon's
Lost Army Mass Grave of soldiers of the Grande Armée in 1812 found in Vilnius, Lithuania
Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46MX4BohOzw Napoleon's Mass
Grave https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hQl-gTQZsM&feature=related Napoleon's
Retreat from Moscow With guests Janet Hartley, Michael Rowe and Michael Rapport 19 September 2019 Joseph
Bonaparte fled Madrid. The French were pushed back to the Pyrenees in July. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington (1769 - 1852), by Thomas
Lawrence in 1814 War of the Sixth Coalition 3 March 1813 - 30 May 1814 France,
Italy, Naples and Warsaw
Vs. Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, Sweden,
Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Sardinia and Mecklenberg-Schwerin. The German Campaign The War of Liberation Battle
of Lützen, 2 May 1813 Battle of Bautzen, 20
- 21 May 1813 Battle of Katzbach, 26 Augst 1813 Battle
of Dresden, 26 - 27 August 1813 Battle
of Kulm, 29 - 30 August 1813 Battle of Leipzig
(Battle of Nations), 16 - 19 October 1813 - Coalition
Victory Battle of Hanau, 30 - 31 October 1813 Frankfurt Proposals (Memorandum), November 1813 Siege of Hamburg, 1813
- 1814 Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine Invasion of France Battle of Leipzig The Battle of
the Nations 16 - 19 October 1813 Map of the Battle
of Leipzig on 18 October 1813 The Death of Major von Krosigk near Möckern, 16 October 1813, Battle of the Nations near Leipzig, 16
to 19 October 1813, by Richard Knötel. The Battle of Leipzig From the 36-lecture course The Decisive Battles of World History
for the Teaching Company (27:19) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uMZzDqs_To Les grandes batailles du passe Documentaire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQ-ZtgGxOr4 ou https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JvXJB5LHlE In German: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYYOS0hMgCI ------------------ Maréchal d'Empire During
the Battle of Leipzig Napoleon, Emperor of the French, created the 24th Marshal of the Empire Józef
Antoni Poniatowski ------------------ The Battle of Leipzig
is considered the biggest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and without equal before the Great War of 1914 - 1918. Napoleon
lost the battle and retreated to France. Napoleon bid his wife. the Empress Marie Louise, and their son , Napoleon, goodbye at
the Tuilleries on 25 January 1814 and returned to the field, to stave off the invading Allies in the north of France.
He did not see Marie Louise and his son again. Marie Louise and the young Napoleon left Paris for Blois on 29 March. Czar Alexander I of Russia leads Allied march into Paris in 1814.
Czar Alexander I of Russia Napoleon's
former chief advisor, Talleyrand, persuaded the Senate to form a provisional government. Talleyrand
was elected president of the government on 1 April. On 1 April, Czar Alexander advised the Senate to depose Napoleon.
On 2 April 1814, the Senate proclaimed the Emperor's Demise Act
- Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur. Le
Château de Fontainebleau Marshal Michel Ney convinces Napoleon to abdicate. Ney was supported by Marshal Louis-Alexandre
Berthier and Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre, Duke of Danzig. The Chateau de Fontainbleau on 4 April 1814. Portrait by Jules
Vernet. Napoleon abdicates, 4 April 1814, painted by Delaroche Napoleon's
abdication was rejected by the Czar. Napoleon abdicated without conditions on 6 April. Exile In Fontainebleau on 11 April,
Napoleon's representatives and representatives of the Coalition - Russia, Prussia and Austria
- negotiated the Treaty of Fontainbleau: Napoleon and Marie Louise retained their titles. Napoleon was to be exiled to the island of Elba, off the coast
of Tuscany. Elba was a French island and Napoleon was to be its sovereign. Marie Louise received the Duchies of Parma, Placentia
and Guastalla (in northern Italy). Her son would inherit the duchies as their prince. Napoleon signed the
Treaty of Fontainbleau on 13 April. L’empire de Napoleon (1804 - 1814)
King
Louis XVI was executed during the French Revolution in 1793. His son, Louis, who would have been Louis XVII, died in prison
in 1795. Louis XVI had two younger brothers - Louis, the Count of Provence, and Charles, the
Count of Artois. Louis was the eldest and thus heir to throne. On
the same day Napoleon abdicated unconditionally, 6 April, the Senate invited Louis to assume the throne as Louis XVIII,
King of France. Czar Alexander preferred the Duc d'Orleans,
Louis-Philippe, head of the cadet branch of the Bourbons (1773 - 1850), to be King. As a soldier with the army, Louis-Philippe
fought in many battles in 1792 and 1793, including Valmy, and he was a lieutenant-general by age 19. He fled France in 1793
and remained in exile until the Restoration in 1814. But many royalists opposed the Duc d'Orleans. He was not the legitimate
heir to the throne. Many resented his father, who had voted for the
execution of Louis XVI. Louis
was obese and required a wheelchair to get about. Louis sent his younger brother, Charles, the Count of Artois, to France as the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. Charles signed a truce with the Allies on 23
April. The Emperor of Austria, Francis, reached Blois on 16 April and advised his
daughter, the Empress Marie Louise, to leave with her son for Vienna. They departed on 23 April. Louis arrived in France at Saint
Ouen on 2 May. The Senate
required Louis XVIII to accept a constitution, which it drafted, abolishing absolute monarchy and instituting constitutional
monarchy and a bicameral legislature, and to accept the Tri-Colour flag. In the
Declaration of Saint Ouen of 2 May 1814, Louis rejected the Senate's constitution -
but agreed, or promised, to accept a constitution drafted by a parliamentary commission. Louis arrived in
Paris on 3 May. Talleyrand negotiated a peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, with the Sixth
Coalition, which Louis signed on 30 May. On the
same day, Napoleon arrived on Elba. Czar Alexander and
the Allied armies occupying Paris - the armies of the Sixth Coalition - insisted
Louis draft a constitution for constitutional monarchy. Louis drafted a constitution, the Charter of 1814, for a
constitutional monarchy and a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected indirectly by an
elected Electoral College, and an upper house, the Chamber of Peers, Chambre des Pairs, appointed by the King. Louis signed the Charter on 4 June 1814. Louis XVIII decided not to have a coronation ceremony.
Louis XVIII, King
of France Louis XVIII de France
en costume de sacre by François Gérard
(early 1800s) Louis
XVIII (1755 - 1824), younger brother of Louis XVI; in exile during the French Revolution and the French Empire (1791 - 1814);
succeeded his nephew, Louis XVII, who died in prison in 1795, as heir to the throne; King of France (1814 - 1824); a constitutional
monarch; fled France when Napoleon returned from Elba in 1815.
Congress of Vienna
September 1814 - June 1815
Delegates of the Congress of Vienna in an engraving by Jean Godefroy
after a sketch by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, a member of the French delegation. The
Congress of Vienna 1. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington of Britian 6. Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich of Austria 22. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, 1st Sovereign
Prince de Bénévent of France
Europe under
Napoleon, before the Congress of Vienna
Elba Napoleon arrived on Elba on 30 May 1814. With him were several hundred
French soldiers. He was to receive 2 million francs every year. Napoleon on Elba
Elba Napoleon's
mother joined him on Elba and stayed with him. His sister Caroline visited. Marie Walewska and her son by Napoleon visited.
Marie Louise, the Empress, did not join Napoleon on
Elba. Her father, Francis I, sent her to Aix (Aix-les-Bains) in Savoy with a confidant of Metternich and the two fell
in love. Napoleon never saw her again. Joséphine,
in Malmaison, died in late 1814. ----------- "The Hundred
Days" The War of the Seventh Coalition 1815 Napoleon escaped Elba on 26 February 1815. Napoleon leaves Elba by
Joseph Beaume, 1836. Napoleon arrived with several hundred soldiers in the Golfe-Juin
on 1 March 1915. Early the next morning, they set out from Antibes and marched north on a narrow trail for Grenoble. Near
Grenoble, thousands of soldiers of the 5th and 7th Infantry Regiments joined him. Soldiers Of the Royal 5th Regiment acclaim Napoleon in the
town of Laffrey (near Grenoble) on 7 March 1815.
La Route Napoleon
Napoleon returns from exile on Elba,
1815
Discovery Channel documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7f3W9r2WB4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlydx0frqQY
Napoleon
Documentary
from the Icons of Power series
Map of Italian Peninsula in 1810. To the south is the island of Sicily, the Kingdom
of Sicily, which was occupied by the British from 1805 to 1814. The southern half of the peninsula is the
Kingdom of Naples, created by Napoleon in 1806; Marechal Joachim Murat was its king since 1808. In the northwest are
the lands of the French Empire. In the northeast is the Kingdom of Italy; its king was Napoleon and in his
absence the ruler was his step-son and heir, Eugène de Beauharnais, as Vice-Roy. Louis-Alexandre
Berthier 20 November 1753 – 1 June
1815 Le premier des Maréchaux
de l'Empire de Napoléon, nommé en 1804 Prince
souverain de Neuchâtel et Valangin, le 30 mars 1806 Prince de Wagram, le 31 décembre 1809 Pair de France, par Louis XVIII, le 4 juin 1814 Portrait by Jacques-Augustin-Catherine Pajou (1808) Berthier,
chef d’état-major de Napoléon Conférence Franck Favier 11 juin 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zpWwk0SjNs Berthier
was Napoleon's chief of staff in every campaign but the last - from the first Italian campaign in
1796, the Egyptian campaign, the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire, the battles of Marengo, Austerlitz, Jéna, Freidland
and Leipzig. He remained with Napoleon until the emperor's abdication in 1814. Napoleon considered
Berthier indispensable. Indeed, Berthier
was the first to be made maréchal by Napoleon. Berthier accompanied King Louis XVIII
into Paris in 1814. He remained in contact with Napoleon during the emperor's exile on Elba. He accompanied Louis XVIII to Ghent (Gand) when Napoleon
returned in 1815. He retired to his farm in Bavaria. He died, reportedly after a fall from a fourth-story window, in the chateau of
his father-in-law in Bamberg in Bavaria on 1 June 1815. The Battle of Waterloo 18 June 1815 Napoleon: « Un bon croquis vaut mieux qu'un long discours. » Map of the Campaign, 15 - 18 June 1815. Positions of the opposing armies, before the battle, late
morning, 18 June 1815. Positions of the opposing armies on 18 June 1815, before the battle,
in the late morning, and during the battle, at 5:30 p. m. The battle began in the late morning of 18 June. Jérôme Bonaparte led elite troops in an attack on an Allied
stronghold, a fortified farmhouse, at Hougoumont. The fighting continued throughout the day. Some time around
mid-day, French canons opened fire on British lines. In the early afternoon, the Prussians appeared
in the east, several miles and several hours away. Ney led a march of d'Ernon's infantry to take
a farmhouse at La Haye Sainte. Infantry led by D'Erlon pushed through and around Allied lines and dispersed
Allied troops. By
mid-afternoon, Napoleon was winning the battle and unless the Prussians
arrived Wellington's fate was sealed. British cavalry charges beat back d'Erlon's attacking French
infantry. In the afternoon, Ney led big cavalry charges through the centre of British lines. The British formed
squares in defense. The squares held. Half the French cavalry was lost. British cavalry counter-attacks were repulsed. Marechal
Ney's cavalry attack Marechal
Ney leads the cavalry attack. The
Duke of Wellington at Waterloo. French cavalry charges a British
square. The French captured
La Haye Sainte, exposing Wellington's centre. French canons were brought forward and cut the British in half. Wellington
lost many of his commanders. Allied attempts to retake La Haye Sainte were beaten off with heavy loses. Ney was about to carry the day. The Prussians headed to the south of and behind
the French lines. The French were pushed back. Then the French pushed back the Prussians. The Prussians and the British linked up and drove
the French back. D'Erlon's force was driven off. The
Imperial Guard marches towards the British line at Waterloo. Napoleon ordered Ney to lead the Imperial Guard against the British centre. Infantry joined. D'Erlon's troops
advanced. The defenders fired into the advancing attackers. The attackers fired back. Eventually, the attackers were
forced back and retreated. The British pursued. The retreating French surrendered or they were massacred. At twilight, Napoleon and the remnants of his army retreated. Animated map of the battle. Wellington
and Blücher exchange greetings after the battle, at Napoleon's abandoned field headquarters, an
inn at La Belle Alliance, around 9:00 p. m.
The sketch for the
mural at the Palace of Westminster. Short description https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Go5nlOCqi4 The
Battle of Waterloo Episode from the documentary series Epic History
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDZGL1xsqzs Napoleon's Waterloo (6
clips) 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RmiLSx1ZFM&feature=related 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUVw_5h5oq0&feature=relmfu 3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ny_TPpM5PYg&feature=relmfu 4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZA_3mlVLN4&feature=relmfu 5.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bU_n9lUWZNU&feature=relmfu 6.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3oN1WjPu14&feature=relmfu Battle of
Waterloo (5 clips) 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c18OEIZEwiY 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vO9yAvntuD0&feature=relmfu 3.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6WVKsjs1SE&feature=relmfu 4.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuMauEsC7Ys&feature=relmfu 5.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_wsVqsf1Ss&feature=relmfu Napoléon Bonaparte Partie 9 - La Bataille
de Waterloo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXITuiQKqVM&feature=related Soviet-Italian
movie filmed in the Ukraine with Rod Steiger as Napoleon and Christopher Plummer as Wellington (1970) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKmqRqY0RLg&feature=related Dubbed
in French (02:08:10) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qv4CkWkl8A8 In German https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sOhpY5gIkA Waterloo Review
of the 1970 movie on History Buffs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWKk5Sy0JT8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hS9RkEutp94 Daguerreotype photograph of Wellington in 1844. Wellington - The Iron Duke 2002 documentary with Richard Holmes . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfPzie0i5PQ Wellington - The Iron Duke Documentary
with Richard Holmes 3 episodes Episode 1 - The
making of a man https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAP6urrfWRQ Episode
2 - A thirst for reputation ' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLFv9H6ZJ8Q ' Episode 3 - From soldier to statesman ' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf6HcLMhrGs ' Or (3 episodes of 5 clips
each) Episode
1 - The making of a man 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJjArklCBJA 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IMrW76Ilcs 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4xtKwx-Zok 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KyQZhM48cE 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wD_gUXy5sZo Episode 2 - A thirst
for reputation 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKp3bcoMmoM 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IMrW76Ilcs 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZnAv971fUo 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PY7HiLEvKo 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oe4QpJTv0HQ Episode 3 - From soldier
to statesman 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXT98ix1l8k 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7X3ErB0n8Nc 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4xtKwx-Zok 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lul5qOtHFT4 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WeI8ASr9tA Napoleon
and Wellington Discussion on In Our Time BBC weekly Thursday radio programme Hosted by Melvyn Bragg With guests Andrew Roberts, Mike Broers and Belinda Beaton 25 October 2001 (45 min.) https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00547jy Prinz Gebhard
Leberecht von Blücher, Prussian
field marshal, saved the day for
the Allies at Waterloo Waterloo Causes,
Courses, Consequences Lecture by Richard Evans at Gesham
College on 18 June 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKIY40_LSWI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-b6AdlyMxQ Napoléon et la mer Un rêve d’Empire
Par Michèle Battesti 18 mars 2013
Part 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yshdn9H_0w8 Hymne de la
Monarchie Française Version
de Tchaikovsky Faut-il réhabiliter Talleyrand? Jean
Tulard Montpellier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgj29_G1K78 Le
Souper Chateaubriand Portrait
Souvenir Henri Guillemin, Julien Gracq, Dominique Aury, Claude Roy, Louis-Martin
Chauffier 1963 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rq85rXtah00 François René, vicomte de Chateaubriand 2000 ans d’histoire sur
France Inter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxkFk3oiGWg
Saint Helena HMS
Northumberland at Saint Helena Napoleon's Exile on Saint Helena by Franz Josef Sandmann
(1820) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Aljl8OcA-Y Du manuscrit au Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène Thierry
Lentz 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPWiysvR5Fo Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène Jean Tulard https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gU3XtTnpqQ Napoleon died at age 51 on Saint Helena on
5 May 1821. Napoleon's empty grave on Saint Helena is well- maintained. --------------------
Les îles de l'empereur La Corse, Elbe et Sainte-Hélène Documentaire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0BsW90Klao ------------------ Entretien avec le prince Joachim Murat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfC8EsVEmv0 Secrets d'Histoire
Documentaire avec Stephane Bern https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1WexByLwTc Murat's tomb in Paris. MIchel Ney, the bravest of the brave. After Napoleon's abdication and exile in
1814, Marshal Ney was made a peer by Louis XVIII. He was appointed to the defense of Paris. When Napoleon escaped
from Elba in 1815, Ney set out to arrest him. Instead, Ney joined Napoleon. Ney led the cavalry at Waterloo. For
going over to Napoleon, Marshal Ney was arrested in August and executed in
Paris on 7 December. Murat
and Ney are buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pStH9rDLbWU
Napoléon II
Napoléon II (1811 - 1832), son of Napoleon and Marie Louise
of Austria; Prince Imperial,
heir-apparent, King of Rome from birth,
twice briefly
Emperor after Napoleon's abdications in
1814 and 1915; known as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt
from 1818. Called 'the Eaglet' - 'L'Aiglon' - not before but
long after his death. In 1816, Marie Louise and her lover left to Italy. She was not allowed to bring her son
with them. She had three children by her lover, in 1817 and 1819, and they married three months after Napoleon's
death. They had a third child in 1822.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWq1-Y-fPNQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oDsqtbF-30 Le prince impérial Napoléon
II (1815) Premier
Empire Canal Académie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B3usKALQQc 15 décembre 1840 Le char
funèbre de Napoléon Napoleon's Funeral Procession
approaches Les Invalides, Paris, 15 December 1840. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ru8wpC30U_0&feature=related Le
Retour des Cendres en 1840 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gsWE1t2DGQ Napoleon's Tomb under the dome of the Invalides in Paris Napoleon's
Tomb Les Invalides,
Paris https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNjRNkOwG28&feature=related Le masque mortuaire de Napoléon (1821-1840)
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Black - Prussian 
