20. Mid-1700s - early 1900s
The French Revolution
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20. Mid-1700s - early 1900s The French Revolution |
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Louis XVI, roi de France et de Navarre (1754 - 1793), revêtu
du grand costume royal en 1779 Par Antoine-François Callet (1741 - 1823) Louis-August de France Mort le 21 janvier 1793 à Paris Louis XVI, roi de France et de Navarre 1774 - 1791 1791 - 1792 Louis XVI par Joseph-Siffred Duplessis circa
1774 - 1776 Louis XVI, roi de France
(1754 - 1793) Par Antoine-François Callet en 1786 Le
Chateau/Palais de Versailles Par Pierre-Denis Martin en 1722 Louis est né le 23 août 1754 à Versailles. Son
père est le dauphin Louis de France et sa mère est Marie-Josèphe de Saxe. il
devient dauphin à la mort de son père. Marié en 1770 à Marie-Antoinette
d'Autriche. À la mort de son grand-père Louis XV en 1774, Il devient Louis XVI, « roi de France et de Navarre ».
Couronnement le 11 juin 1775 à
Reims. Il devient « roi des Français » par la Constitution de 3 septembre 1791. Suspendu par l'Assemblée
nationale le 10 août 1792. Détrôné le 21 septembre 1792, il devient le citoyen Louis Capet. Il meurt
guillotiné le 21 janvier 1793 à Paris. Louis
XVI L'homme
qui ne voulait pas être roi ! Documentaire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5g9EuXPtR0 Le roi Louis XVI (1774 - 1792) Monarchie Constitutionnelle 2000 ans d'histoire 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzYh7qQbyzI 2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYS7Z_Tq8Lc Louis XVI, Louis le dernier Documentaire Les Rois de France 1ère partie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T6msp1rXrY 2ème partie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtXtnEoAglI Louis XVI on horseback.
Louis XVI with
a hunting dog. ----------------- Marie-Antoinette
de France Marie-Antoinette
en 1775 à vingt ans Par
Jean-Baptiste André Gautier-Dagoty après 1775 Marie-Antoinette de Habsbourg-Lorraine Archiduchesse d’Autriche Princesse impériale et princesse royale de Hongrie et de Bohême Fill Née le 2 novembre 1755 à Vienne en Autriche Morte le 16 octobre 1793 à Paris Reine de France
et de Navarre 1774 - 1791 Reine des Français 1791 - 1792 Marie
Antoinette avec ses enfants: Marie-Thérèse, Louis- Charles et Louis-Joseph. Louis XVI et Marie-Antoinette ont quatre enfrants: Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France, « Madame Royale
» , née en 1778 à Versailles et morte le 19 octobre 1851 en Autriche. Louis-Joseph Xavier François de France (1781 - 1789), Dauphin
de France. Louis-Charles de France (1785 - 1795), Dauphin de France (1789 - ), Prince Royal (1791 - ). Sophie de France (1786
- 1787). --------------- Like French monarchs before him,
King Louis XVI was an "absolute monarch". The king claimed his throne directly
from God in heaven. He ruled his realm by Divine Right. His power and authority were absolute - unquestioned,
without limit or restriction. To
help settle the matter of the kingdom's financial debts, taxes would have to be levied. The king selected 144 church figures and aristocrats to sit in the Assembly of Notables, a consultative
body. Estampe (burin) mise en couleur, gravée par
Claude Niquet d'après un dessin de Very et Girardet, représentant l'Assemblée des notables tenue à Versailles le 22 février
1787. The Assembly of Notables
convened for the first time in 161 years, since 1626, in Versailles on 22 February 1787. The Notables discussed taxation and local representation, suggested reforms and advised
presenting them to another body, like the Estates General, for further consideration. King Louis
XVI summoned the Estates General - to meet for the first time in 175 years, since 1614.
L'Ouverture
des États Généraux dans la Grande Salle des Menus-Plaisirs dans la ville de Versailles le 5 Mai 1789. Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles 5 May 1789. Engraving by Isidore-Stanislaus Helman based on a sketch by Charles Monnet. The inauguration of the Estates-General in Versailles on 5 May 1789. By
Auguste Couder. The members of the Estates General represented the three branches, or estates, of society: The First Estate were
the clergy; The Second Estate were the nobility; The Third Estate were the plebes, the common people - commoners or "commons". The First and Second Estates
- the clergy and the nobility - were the ruling elite. The clergy and the nobility were
the wealthiest and best educated members of society. They controlled much of the land and wealth. The clergy, the biggest landowner, owned at least ten per cent of the land. The Third Estate - the commoners, or 'commons' - were by
far the largest Estate, representing 95 per cent of the population. Most of the common people were illiterate peasants. But much had changed in 175 years. Among the commons in the Estates General were lawyers, notaries, government
clerks, educated nobility and clergymen and some wealthy merchants. Many of the commons and some of the clergy and nobility hoped the Estates General would draft a constitution,
like the American constitution. Each Estate
elected its own representatives. The Third
Estate, representing the larger part of the population, demanded more representatives. The king was not opposed to certain reforms. He agreed to double the number of the Third Estate. He
assumed also that he could out-manoeuvre the Estates. The Estates, however, voted by block. Each Estate had one vote, regardless of the number of representatives
present. Thus, the nobility and the clergy, who numbered far fewer
than the commoners, could out-vote the commons 2 to 1 on any matter. Many hoped that each member of each Estate would have a vote. This would be more representative of the nation.
In such case, the commons would out-vote the clergy and
the nobility. In the
end, the King agreed that each man could have one vote. Each Estate met separately and also together with the other Estates to discuss matters. Les députés du Tiers-État attendent sous la pluie devant l'hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs à
Versailles le 20 juin 1789. Par Lucien-Étienne
Mélingue en 1874. Perceiving an attempt to
prevent them from attending meetings with the other Estates, or holding their own meetings, in the Hôtel
des Menus-Plaisirs, the Third Estate convened on a tennis court in Versailles on 20 June 1789 and declared they would henceforth
meet as the National Assembly and conduct affairs of state with or without members of First and Second Estates. Le Serment du Jeu de paume Par Jacques-Louis David en 1791. The members vowed to continue meeting till a constitution was passed
- the 'Tennis Court Oath', or « Le Serment du Jeu de paume ». Séance
royale dans la grande salle de l'Hôtel des Menus- Plaisirs de Versailles du 23 juin 1789, à la suite du serment du Jeu de paume. Le roi: « Je vous ordonne, Messieurs, de vous séparer tout
de suite et de vous rendre demain matin chacun dans les chambres affectées à votre ordre pour y reprendre vos séances. » Une
heure après, le grand maître des cérémonies, Henri-Évrard de Dreux-Brézé, s'adresse à Bailly, doyen de l'Assemblée et du Tiers,
pour lui rappeler l'ordre du roi. Bailly à répondu: « La Nation assemblée ne peut recevoir
d'ordre ». Mirabeau ajoute: « Allez dire à ceux qui vous envoient que nous sommes ici
par la volonté du peuple, et qu'on ne nous en arrachera que par la puissance des baïonnettes. » (La formulation exacte
n'est pas certain.) Par Joseph-Désirée Court.
The King eventually agreed and from 9 July 1789 the three Estates met in one
body as the National Constituent Assembly - Assemblée nationale constituante.
------------------ La Révolution The French Revolution 1787 - 1799 The French
Revolution Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm4WPFoOMfA ------------------ On
11 July 1789, King Louis replaced prime minister Jacques Necker with the Baron de Breteuil. ------------------ Milice bourgeoise
Concerned about spreading
violence in Paris, the National Constituent Assembly, meeting in Versailles on 11 July 1789, discussed
the need for a citizen militia, or garde bourgeoise, in Paris. The
National Constituent Assembly created the milice bourgeoise on 13 July. The
new militia would need arms. The next day, on
14 July, a mob stormed the Hotel des Invalides and the Bastille Saint Antoine to get weapons for the new militia.
. A mob stormed the Bastille. Ninety-eight of the mob were killed.
The mob seized the military governor of the fortress and took him to the Hotel de Ville where he was beaten and stabbed to
death and beheaded. His head was paraded about the city on a pike. The mob also seized the mayor of Paris at the Hotel de
Ville and beheaded him. ------------- La Garde Nationale Citizen Nau-Deville in the Uniform of the National Guard, 15 July 1789 By Jean
Francois Marie Bellier in 1790 On 15 July, the National Assembly appointed
the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander-in-chief of the new militia,
called the Milice Bourgeois, and then renamed Garde Nationale - the National Guard.
Portrait of Lafayette in uniform of lieutenant-general in 1791. A cockade, worn on a hat, proposed by Lafayette after his appointment as commander of the National Guard. Red and blue
are the colours of Paris. Lafayette added white, the colour of the monarchy. ------------- National Constituent Assembly The privileges of the clergy and nobility abolished. Taxation by the church abolished. 4
August 1789 ------------- Les Droits de l'Homme 1789 Déclaration des Droits
de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 Adoptee par un vote de l’Assemblée nationale le 26 août 1789; Ratifiée par le roi
Louis XVI le 5 octobre 1789; Promulguée par le roi le 3 novembre 1789. Le Déclaration des Droits
de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 est le préambule à la première Constitution française du 3
septembre 1791 Les sources de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Eb959kGhls Freedom
of Religion. Freedom of Opinion. ------------- Women's March on Versailles October March The October Days March
on Versailles The royal family is forced to move from Versailles to the Tuilleries in Paris. The 13-mile march from Paris to Versailles on 5 October 1789. King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette
and the Marquis de Lafayette appear at a balcony of the palace in Versailles on 6 October
1789. Louis tells the Parisian women who have walked from Paris to Versailles that he will go to Paris with
his wife and children. Pen
and watercolor, French, c. 1800. -------------- Les Tuileries Résidence royale à Paris -------------- The National Assembly seizes all Church property. To be sold off. 10 October 1789 -------------- National Assembly The Church to be under the State. 12 July 1790 -------------
---------------- Mirabeau
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau (1749 - 1791) Mirabeau, in the Estates General and the National Assembly, pressed for a constitutional monarchy like Britain's. He urged moderation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXCAYdVb3_0
---------------- The King flees 20 and 21 June 1791 The Royal Family's Flight to Varennes
On 20 and 21 June 1791, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette fled Paris with their children. They planned to go to the royalist fortress town of Montmédy on the northeastern border of France. There, Louis XVI would join émigrés. He would be protected by Austria. On the way, however, Louis was stopped in Varennes and the royal family brought back to Paris.
-------------- Champ de Mars massacre 17 July 1791 Republicans opposed plans of the National Assembly to proclaim a constitutional monarchy. Republicans wanted to abolish the monarchy altogether and found a republic. Republicans demonstrated in the Champs de Mars against constitutional monarchy. The Republicans refused to disperse. The Republicans were gunned down by National Guard under Lafayette.
National Guard shoots Republican protesters at the Champs de mars on 17 July 1791. ------------------- Declaration of Pillnitz Austria and Prussia 27 August 1791 Leopold feared for Marie Antoinette's safety. With King Frederick William II of Prussia, Leopold issued a declaration of support for King Louis XVI of France and warned of military intervention to ensure his safety if necessary.
------------ France a Constitutional monarchy 3 September 1791 Absolute monarchy abolished Replaced by a provisional constitutional monarchy 3 September 1791 - 21 September 1792
King Louis XVI swearing on the Book of the Constitution on 14 September 1791. The king no longer ruled by divine right. His power was no longer absolute. He was no longer an absolute monarch but a constitutional monarch. He governed according to the constitution. ------------------ National Constituent Assembly dissolved 28 September 1791 Replaced by National Legislative Assembly 1 October 1791 - 20 September 1792 The National Legislative Assembly could propose laws. The King could veto them. ------------------ France declares war on Austria National Assembly 20 April 1792 The first attempts to invade the Austrian Netherlands, in April, failed. Attempts in June fared better but were in the end repulsed. -------------------
La Marseillaise
Painting by Isidore Pils in 1849 of Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle singing his composition, Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin, in Strasbourg on April 25, 1792.
The song was later called La Marseillaise and became the French Republic's anthem in 1795.
La Marseillaise
French National Anthem, April 25, 1792
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr5g
Allons enfants de la Patrie,
Refrain
Aux armes, citoyens ! Que veut cette horde d'esclaves,
Refrain
Quoi ! ces cohortes etrangeres
Refrain
Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides,
Refrain
Francais, en guerriers magnanimes,
Refrain
Amour sacre de la Patrie,
Refrain
Nous entrerons dans la carriere Nous y trouverons leur poussiere
Refrain
------------------- Mob breaks into the Tuilleries 20 June 1792
Marie Antoinette is confronted by a mob in the Tuilleries. Les Tuileries le 20 juin 1792, Marie-Antoinette face aux insurgés. Par Alfred Elmore vers 1860 Marie-Antoinette; la sœur du roi, Madame Elisabeth; Madame Royale; et le Prince royal ---------------- The Brunswick Manifesto 25 July 1792 Armies of Prussians, Austrians, Hessians and French emigres (exiled French royalists) massed on the Rhine in preparation for an invasion of France. In the Austrian Netherlands, an Austrian army was to take Lille. A Piedmontese army was to attack in the south. The enemy forces on the Rhine were under the Duke of Brunswick. He had the backing of Britain and Austria. Brunswick issued a warning to the French: If any harm came to the French royal family, he warned, Paris would be sacked. ---------------- Insurrection of 10 August 1792
On the night of 9 and 10 August 1792, radicals, revolutionaries, Jacobins, sans-culottes and soldiers from Marseilles gathered at the Hotel de Ville in Paris and prepared for an insurrection. Their leaders were Georges Danton, Camille Desmoulins and Jacques Hebert. King Louis took his family to the Legislative Assembly building for safety. The National Guard defected to the insurrectionists. The Tuilleries were stormed. Many Swiss Guards defending the Tuilleries were killed. The Assembly suspended King Louis and his ministers. The Assembly arrested Louis and he was imprisoned with his family on 13 August. -----------------------
Par Jean-François Garneray
Le Temple, c. 1785 The royal family was imprisoned in the fortress from 13 August 1792.
-----------
On the following day, 14 August, Danton, the French Foreign Minister, ordered the arrest of Lafayette. Lafayette went to the Austrian Netherlands, intending to go to America. Instead he was imprisoned by the Austrians and Prussians for the next five years, till 1797. Brunswick invaded France on 19 August. His army took Longwy on 23 August and Verdun on 2 September. He marched on Paris. Paris was in panic. The September Massacres 2 - 6 September 1792
The insurrectionists feared the Duke of Brunswick would release royalists and priests held in prisons and they would join him against the revolution. Mobs entered the prisons and over several days murdered hundreds - perhaps thousands - of priests, aristocrats, royalists, former officials, children, and criminals of various sorts. Thousands of priests massacred in France. ----------- Vive la Nation!
Battle of Valmy
20 September 1792 The French armies, under the command of Lieutenant-General François-Étienne-Christophe de Kellermann, stopped the Duke of Brunswick at Valmy on 20 September 1792 and Brunswick withdrew his forces from France.
General Kellerman victorious at the Battle of Valmy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PmCzQFyw8I
--------------------- Legislative Assembly replaced by National Convention 20 September 1792 - 3 November 1795 Monarchy Abolished 21 September 1792 The National Convention votes to abolish the monarchy.
French Republic Proclaimed Like the Constituent Assembly and the Legislative Assembly, the National Convention was a one-house legislature. --------------------- Louis XVI & la République (1792-1793) Première République 2000 ans d'Histoire Sur France Inter Patrice Gélinet avec Marie-Hélène Baylac (historienne) 15.04.2010 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPfDz7QOAFg 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeYpDCs9xCw
Year 1 22 September 1792 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Republican_calendar#Calendar_design
26 décembre 1792. Interrogatoire de Louis le dernier Par Éléonore Sophie Rebel, née Massard The trial of Citizen Louis Capet began in the National Assembly (or Convention) on 2 December 1792. On 14/15 January 1793, 691 of 721 deputies voted for a guilty verdict. On 16/17 January, of 721 deputies, 361 voted for the sentence of death without conditions and 34 voted for death with conditions. Robespierre, Saint-Just and Danton voted for death. Philippe Égalité - the Duke of Orléans and cousin of Louis - voted for death. \
2000 ans d'histoire
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUGSzsydYSw
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OeYpDCs9xCw
 Place
de la Revolution, Paris, 21 January 1793.
Execution of King Louis XVI of France on 21 January 1793. Engraving in 1794 Journée du 21 janvier 1793, la mort de Louis Capet sur la place de la Révolution Présentée
à la Convention nationale le 30 germinal Par Isidore Stanislas Henri Helman en 1794 Originally, Place Louis XV, with a statue of King Louis XV on horseback on the large pedestal to the right in the engraving. The statue was removed with the abolishment of the monarchy on 21 September 1792.
Place Louis XV was renamed Place de la Revolution in 1792 and Place de la Concorde in 1795. Excerpt from 1989 movie The French Revolution 1. Trial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_6Eq7BBgxs 2. Execution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hbmKLQK1Io -------------------- Comité de salut public Committee of Public Safety The Committee of Public Safety was created by the National Convention on 6 April 1793 and led by Danton. Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 The Montagnards gain over the Girondins in the Convention The Jacobins were a club formed in Versailles during the meetings of the Estates General in 1789. The Jacobins included the comte de Mirabeau, the Parisian deputy Abbé Sieyès, Antoine Barnave, Jérôme Pétion, the Abbé Grégoire, Charles Lameth, Alexandre Lameth, the Robespierre brothers Maximilian and Augustin, the duc d'Aiguillon, La Revellière-Lépeaux, the prince de Broglie and the vicomte de Noailles. The Jacobins were some of the most influential members of the national assemblies from 1789 to 1793. Among the Jacobins and members of the assemblies and Convention, two factions dominated from 1789 to 1793. They were called the Girondins and the Montagnards. The started and carried out the Revolution and the execution of the king. The Girondins were the most dominant. The Girondins and the Montagnards often opposed each other. The Girondins thought the purge of royalists and opponents of the Republic had gone far enough and had to be curbed. The Montagnards believed revolution and the purges had not gone far enough. Many believed the Revolution had not delivered on its promises. The Montagnards were the Robespierre brothers, Danton, Marat. The two factions were headed for a showdown. In Paris the sans-culottes and the Jacobins pressed the Girondins to deliver on their promises or step aside. In the Convention, the Montagnards out-manoeuvred the Girondins to gain control of the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. During uprisings in Paris on 27 and 31 May and 2 June 1793, François Hanriot, head of the National Guard, purged the Convention of Girondins. La Terreur Mai/juin 1793 - 30 juillet 1794
Montagnards overthrew the Girondists. Maximilien Robespierre took over leadership of the committee on 27 July 1793. Danton was excluded from the Committee. The purges were stepped up. Montagnards eliminated Girondists. Many in the provinces preferred the Girondists and opposed the Montagnards, who they considered too revolutionary and too dictatorial. Cities rose up against the Revolution and the Republic. In the Mediterranean, Royalists seized the port city of Toulon, ousted the Republicans and occupied it with British and Spanish troops. A Republican army recaptured the port by the end of the year. Eventually, Montagnards eliminated each other. The Committee of Public Safety ruled the government till 27 July 1794. -------------------- Jean-Paul Marat La Mort de Marat
17 juillet 1793
La Mort de Marat - painting by David
L'assassinat de Marat
Excerpt from La Révolution Française (1989)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EptHb8ylBuE also https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4hQoqt6I5Y
French vignette dubbed in Spanish
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRsmrIQscs0&feature=related
Charlotte Corday In 4 clips of 20 min. each
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wep8r03mZ6Q 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7i0xHU2KcI 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECOYobP74i4 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3VGd3zVGLU Jacques-Louis David
Documentary N. A. Charlotte Corday, ange de l'assassinat Franck Ferrand Au cœur de l'histoire (2012) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98GYmRebmBE
Charlotte Corday Patrice Gélinet avec Jean-Denis Bredin (avocat) 2000 ans d'Histoire sur France Inter 20.05.2008 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbQAacz3VEQ 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVGSa5WdMeA Charlotte Corday
Alain Decaux raconte
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dObLf4R-KdA
Marie-Antoinette on Trial Marie Antoinette was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 13 October 1793, declared guilty on 16 October and sent to the guillotine on the same day.
Marie Antoinette au Tribunal révolutionnaire Engraving by Alphonse François from a painting by Paul Delaroche (1857)
The execution of Marie Antoinette. Marie-Antoinette Procès, testament et execution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSE5PoxgRdo
Execution of Marie-Antoinette, Place de la Revolution (Place de la Concord), Paris, 16 October 1793
Élisabeth Philippe Marie Hélène de France
Née le 3 mai 1764 à Versailles Morte guillotinée le 10 mai 1794 à Paris Mme Elisabeth, sœur de Louis XVI (de Versailles à la guillotine) Franck Ferrand avec Alexandra de Broca, historienne Au cœur de l'histoire 16 aout 2017 (47:19) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2igXD-vglp4
------------ Le Terreur Danton
Georges Jacques Danton (1759 - April 1794)
Desmoulins
Camille Desmoulins (1760
- April 1794)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGJol2OGZvI ou https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjqYyCjl1MY Franck Ferrand Au coeur de l'histoire (2013) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCKgL2A9VIE Danton's Death Play of the Month BBC 23 April 1978 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akTm2AmTEZs Danton 1983 movie In English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B7RApdrIfs In French https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-b7Rtu-nuk
------------------ The Battle of Fleurus
General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1762 - 1833 Battle of Fleurus 26 June 1794 French troops commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan victorious over Austrians, Dutch, Hanover and Britain. The Coalition against France is forced out of the Austrian Netherlands French take Austrian Netherlands and invade Dutch Republic ------------------------ Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758 - July 1794)
Augustin de Robespierre (1753 - July 1794) Robespierre Alan Decaux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64s8_IP1wBA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej5rceb4-hQ
Robespierre - La Terreur et la Vertu La série La Caméra explore le Temps Alain Decaux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDU4awkB1Ww Robespierre, l'Incorruptible Franck Ferrand Au cœur de l'Histoire Avec Pierre SERNA, directeur de l'Institut d'histoire de la Révolution française, et Joël SCHMIDT, historien, romancier et critique littéraire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DUgWKgDSn7s Saint-Just
Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (1767 - July 1794)
Saint-Just demands the death of Danton
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFVRPJOfWHo
avec Jean-Jacques Lafaye Le 12 juin 2007 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwT12YPHyUM La chute de Robespierre, Saint-Just
Robespierre, Couthon et Saint Just - déclarés traîtres à la patrie, ainsi que Henriot - se refugient dans la Maison Commune, dans l'Hôtel-de-Ville, où les officiers municipaux les accueillent. L'attaque de l'Hôtel-de-Ville par les troupes de la Convention, commandés par Paul de Barras, le 9 thermidor an II (26 juillet 1794). La colonne de la Convention arrive sur la place de Grève vers 2 heures du matin. On voit tomber d'une des fenêtres éclairées Augustin Robespierre qui essaie de se suicide. Dessin de Charles Monnet, gravé par Duplessis-Bertaux et Helman circa 1799. The Arrest of Robespierre
The arrests of the Robespierre brothers and their followers at the Hotel de Ville. The gendarme Merda shoots Maximilian Robespierre. Colour engraving by Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert after the painting by Fulchran-Jean Harriet.
Robespierre and Saint-Just are conveyed to the guillotine in a cart. By Alfred Mouillard in 1884. By the end of July 1794 the Girondists and Montagnards were no more and the Jacobin Club was closed. The Reign of Terror had ended. --------------
Charles-Henri Sanson Royal Executioner 1739 - 1806 Les Sanson Bourreaux de père en fils Franck Ferrand avec Philippe Bélaval Au cœur de l'histoire 6 janvier 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xUqPQjLRY0
La Terreur Vérités et légendes Franck Ferrand avec Jean-Clément Martin Au cœur de l'histoire 4 decembre 2017 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGXhwJoj7hE The French Revolution's Reign of Terror Discussion on the BBC weekly radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg With guests Mike Broers, Rebecca Spang and Tim Blanning 25 May 2005 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9cf
--------------
Flag of France, variant adopted on 15 February 1794
Battle of Black Mountain French victory over Spanish and Portuguese in Spain 17- 20 November 1794 French invade Catalonia French retake Martinique (West Indies) from British 1794 French take Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and invade Dutch Republic (Holland) End of the Dutch Republic 1795
Louis XVII Est-il mort au Temple? Franck
Ferrand avec Philippe Delorme et Jean-Louis Bachelet Au cœur de l'Histoire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsw0gHEBM8Y
Enfermé dans la Prison du Temple du 13 août 1792 au 19 décembre 1795 puis envoyée à Vienne.
Marie Thérèse Charlotte de France à Vienne en 1796. Par Heinrich Friedrich Füger Mme Royale, la survivante Franck Ferrand avec Anne Muratori-Philip Au cœur de l'histoire 31 mars 2016 (45:24) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCjGVKnAGMY
Excerpt:
The beginning:
I
---------
The French Revolution's Legacy Discussion on the BBC weekly radio programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg With guests Stefan Collini, Anne Janowitz and Andrew Roberts 14 June 2001
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